Back in the day when android/ios didn't support remote debugging there was this project called weinre – sadly most of the documentation is now 404. But there's some code mirrored at the apache cordova github. Perhaps you can get it running. It emulates the dev tools on your phone and displays it at a remote chrome instance. Also, something like jsconsole might help you (I have not tested it!).
Current known support Remote debugging has been developed to work on all platforms, even if the technology isn't supported. However, jsconsole remote debugging has specifically tested and working on the follow mobile devices (feel free to add to this list): iOS 4.2.x - iPad, iPhone 4 Andriod 2.2.2 - Nexus One webOS - Palm Pre