It doesn't have to be an android phone to accomplish being data mined.

The moment anyone goes to a page...a site...anything ...with signs of said data miners present...(or not visibly present even..) ...a facebook "like" button ...for instance...
Anything...hinting at any of the culprits presence...
Then...
It is already too late...
They will have the data on where you last came from ..
When you arrived...
What you are looking for...
What you are looking at...
And where you are going to after you leave said page.

They are already there and waiting ...

You will have been shot..
Studied...
Tagged...
And released ..
To be followed further...
And all without you...I ...or we all...ever knowing anything ever happened...

Until later...
When the advertisements start coming ..
Very pointed advertisements ...
Concerning things one was just recently looking at on said sites.

Anyway...
That ...as I said ...is a whole other kettle of cats...
And really is the pervue of a whole other discussion on privacy and data mining...
Which are "soft tactics"

More the concern ...which I specified...
Were more "hardened tactics"
Was the COMPROMISING ...
Whether by negligence...or deliberation..
Whether by the corporation in control of the components , os or fevice...
Or whether by the State that can pressure the residing corporation...
Or whether by a Foreign Actor (malignant hack or Foreign State)...
Who gains access to said Black boxes in said components, os, apps or device
That was more the running issue...that can be mitigated ...first.

How many times have the corps. had to admit that vulnerabilities were exposed for years in some cases...
That they are just confessing to now?
I can't count that high...I run out of figers and toes...and neighbours digits as well.

I am.more concerned about serious compromising of devices ..os's ...first ...
data mining must needs take a back seat to it...
Until one can be certain one has a secure system.

...if windows has a black box in your win7 or win10 system...(and we all know they are there...)
.you think you should be caring about data mining?
Data mining would be the least of my concerns.

It is no different on mobile...
Folks should be even more concerned.

And the issue of the telephony?
There isn't a government on the planet that will let folks use an un-locateable untrackable device.
That will never happen.
There will always be a closed vulnerability in every phone.
That is why no phone can make the open source list.
It can never ever happen.
No government would allow it.